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{{short description|Costa Rican scientist (1887–1944)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Picado|Twight|lang=Spanish}}
{{Expand Spanish|topic=bio}}

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Clodomiro Picado
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = April 17, 1887
|birth_place = [[San Marcos, Nicaragua|San Marcos]], [[Nicaragua]]
|death_date = May 16, 1944
|death_place = [[San José, Costa Rica]]
|residence =
|nationality = [[Costa Rican]]
|field =
|work_institution =
|alma_mater = [[University of Paris|La Sorbonne]], [[Paris]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Clodomiro Picado Twight''' (April 17, 1887{{spaced en dash}}May 16, 1944), also known as '''"Clorito Picado"''', was a Costa Rican scientist who was internationally recognized for his pioneering research on snake venom and the development of various [[Antivenom|antivenin]]s. His work on molds was a precursor to the formal discovery of [[penicillin]] and resulted in compounds which he used to treat patients at least one year before the re-[[discovery of penicillin]] by [[Alexander Fleming]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/ESPECIALES/tiempo2000/figuras2.html|title=El legado de Clorito|author=La Nación Digital|accessdate=2008-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404043307/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/ESPECIALES/tiempo2000/figuras2.html|archive-date=2009-04-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote over 115 works, mainly books and [[monographs]].

==Biography==

===Early life===
Picado was born in April 1887 in [[San Marcos, Carazo|San Marcos]], [[Nicaragua]] to Clodomiro Picado Lara and Carlota Twight Dengo,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> who both had Costa Rican citizenship. In 1890, when Picado was two years old, he and his parents moved to [[Cartago, Costa Rica|Cartago]], Costa Rica. He then attended San Luis Gonzaga high school, graduating in 1906. Due to his excellent grades, he was granted a [[scholarship]] to study in France, where he later studied at the University of the Sorbonne and received his diploma in [[Zoology]] in 1909. In 1910, he returned to Costa Rica, but left shortly after to continue his studies. He received his diploma with superior studies in [[Botany]]. Picado received the [[Academic rank in France|academic rank]] of [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]] in science in 1913, and that same year he was admitted to the [[Pasteur Institute]] and the Colonial Institute of Paris. In 1915, he published ''"Anales del Hospital de San José"'', a quarterly medical publication in Costa Rica.<ref name=":1">[http://www.icp.ucr.ac.cr/biografi.htm Dr. Clodomiro Picado Twight: Biografía] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302214502/http://www.icp.ucr.ac.cr/biografi.htm |date=2008-03-02 }}</ref>

===Death===
In 1944, after an [[ailment]] Picado died.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biografía del Dr. Clodomiro Picado Twigth |url=http://www.micit.go.cr/programas/premio_biografia.htm |work=Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología |accessdate=2008-03-02 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214004559/http://www.micit.go.cr/programas/premio_biografia.htm |archivedate=2007-12-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dr. Picado was declared "Meritorious of the Motherland" ({{langx|es|Benemérito de la Patria}}) by the Costa Rican Congress, by means of decree no. 34 of 21 of December 1943.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clodomiro Picado Twight |url=http://196.40.23.180/galeria/beneme/picado_t.htm |work=Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica |accessdate=2008-02-27 |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225131433/http://196.40.23.180/galeria/beneme/picado_t.htm |archivedate=February 25, 2009 }}</ref>

==Investigation and findings==
The scientific work of Dr. Picado was prolific and very extensive; it is calculated that he wrote about 115 research papers in his lifetime, delving into nearly all aspects of his environment: soil, flora, fauna, human tissues, water, and others.<ref name="CP">{{cite news | title=Dr. Clodomiro Picado Twight Honored with WIPO medal | url =http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/pdf/2000/wipo_pub_121_2000_07-08.pdf | work =WIPO Magazine | pages =11 | accessdate = 2008-03-02|format=PDF}}</ref> Among them are included books and monographs. His work covered topics of zoology, botany of [[bromeliad]]s, [[ophidism]], physiology, [[phytopathology]], [[industrial microbiology]], medical microbiology, and immunology.

In March 2000, doctors from the San Juan de Dios Hospital in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], the capital of Costa Rica, published his manuscripts, in which he explains his experiences between 1915 and 1927 with the inhibiting action of fungi of the ''[[Penicillium]]'' [[genus]] in the growth of ''[[Staphylococcus|Staphylococci]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus|Streptococci]]'' (bacteria that cause a series of infections). In 1927, he demonstrated the inhibitory action of the fungal genus ''Penicillium'' on the proliferation of the bacteria ''Staphylococcus'' and ''Streptococcus''. Although, the discovery of penicillin has been attributed to [[Alexander Fleming]], Picado's old laboratory notebooks from 1923 show records of the antibiosis of ''Penicillium'' sp.<ref name="CP"/>

For this reason he is renowned as one of the precursors of the penicillin antibiotic. The report with the results of the treatments performed with penicillin by Dr. Picado were published by the Biology Society of Paris in 1927.<ref>{{cite news | first=Enrique | last=Tovar | title=El legado de Clorito | url=http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/ESPECIALES/tiempo2000/figuras2.html | work=Nacion | accessdate=2008-03-02 | language=Spanish | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404043307/http://www.nacion.com/ln_ee/ESPECIALES/tiempo2000/figuras2.html | archive-date=2009-04-04 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Honors and recognition==
[[Image:Premio Clodomiro Picado 07.JPG|thumb|right|175px|Statuette awarded to the winners of the [[Costa Rican]] National Award of Science and Technology "Clodomiro Picado Twight"]]
In memory of Dr. Picado's outstanding scientific work, since 1977 the [[Costa Rican]] Ministry of Science and Technology (MICIT), together with the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport (MCJD) grant annually the National Award of Science and Technology "Clodomiro Picado Twight", as stimulus and recognition for the prominent scientific and technological work of Costa Rican citizens.<ref>{{cite news|title=Premio Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología "Clodomiro Picado |url=http://www.micit.go.cr/docs/gal_lomonte.pdf |work=Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología |accessdate=2008-03-02 |language=Spanish |format=PDF }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The prize was modified in June 2000, and divided into the following two categories a year later:
*National Award of Science "Clodomiro Picado Twight"
*National Award of Technology "Clodomiro Picado Twight"
Both prizes are awarded annually. The winners become creditors of a commemorative statuette of Dr. Picado, a parchment and a prize in cash.

Picado was featured on the 2,000 [[Costa Rican colón|colones]] bill, a banknote of Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leftover Currency - easily exchange 2000 Costa Rican Colones banknote (Clodomiro Picado Twight) |url=https://www.leftovercurrency.com/exchange/uncategorised/no-series/2000-costa-rican-colones-banknote-clodomiro-picado-twight/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Leftover Currency |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2000, Picado's daughter-in-law, Lolita González Picado, accepted the Gold Medal awarded posthumously to Picado by the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO).<ref name="CP"/>

There are several institutions and places in Costa Rica named in Picado's memory:
* [[Clodomiro Picado Research Institute]]<ref>[http://www.icp.ucr.ac.cr/ '''Instituto de Investigación Clodomiro Picado''']</ref> in [[Dulce Nombre de Jesús]], [[Vázquez de Coronado (canton)|Vázques de Coronado]], San José. Established in 1970, the institute is a research unit of the [[Universidad de Costa Rica]], responsible for the production of snake antiophidic serums and scientific research on serpents and their venoms, as well as educational and extension programs in rural areas and hospitals.
* Clodomiro Picado Twight High School (known also as I.E.T.), in [[Turrialba (canton)|Turrialba]], [[Cartago Province|Cartago]].
* Clodomiro Picado Medical Clinic, in [[Cinco Esquinas]], [[Tibás]], San José.
* Clodomiro Picado Twight Auditorio de la Universidad Nacional

A species of Central American venomous snake, ''[[Atropoides picadoi]]'', is named in his honor.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Picado", p. 207).</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080309114506/http://www.conicit.go.cr/cientificos/especialistas/bioclodo.html Complete Biography edited by CONICIT]
*[http://www.icp.ucr.ac.cr/ Clodomiro Picado Institute, Costa Rica ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221145904/http://www.conicit.go.cr/servicios/incentivos/otros_reconocimientos/docotrosrec/ganapreclodo.html Official website of the National Awards of Science and Technology "Clodomiro Picado Twight", CONICIT]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221145904/http://www.conicit.go.cr/servicios/incentivos/otros_reconocimientos/docotrosrec/ganapreclodo.html Winner's list of the National Awards of Science and Technology "Clodomiro Picado Twight", CONICIT]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Picado Twight, Clodomiro}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Carazo Department]]
[[Category:Costa Rican biologists]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan emigrants to Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Nicaraguan scientists]]

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